Duration of the Membership in the GATT/WTO, Structural Economic Vulnerability and Trade Costs

This paper assesses the effects of duration membership in General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)/World Organization (WTO) structural economic vulnerability trade costs developing countries. The analysis is performed an unbalanced panel dataset 121 countries over period 1996–2018 primarily utilizes two-step system generalized method moments estimator. It has established several findings. We obtain that longstanding GATT/WTO members enjoy a larger reduction than relatively new members. Concomitantly, higher degree leads to costs. Moreover, exerts effect are highly “structurally” vulnerable, including those face high levels exposure shocks magnitudes shocks. Finally, receive amounts development aid (including total flows, Aid for NonAfT flows)